Anonym (Egoistiskt) skrev 2020-02-16 22:08:11 följande:
Källa på det? Det finns inget som säger att alla som väljer att skaffa barn själva har hög utbildning, snarare oftast tvärtom. Och själva riskfaktorn ligger främst i att barnet växer upp utan pappa, det finns det mycket studier om.
Här är lite vad jag hittade efter snabb googling. Har inte tid just nu att gå igenom allt och hitta urlänkar och kontrollera närmare, alltså om de innehåller allt jag nämnde eller ej. Har dock läst massa om detta tidigare i alla fall.
Single mothers by choice, and their children
Some single women decide to parent on their own and turn to a fertility clinic for donor insemination. In the research, they are generally labelled ?single mothers by choice? or ?solo mothers? (Golombok, Zadeh, Imrie, Smith, & Freeman, 2016; Graham, 2012; Hertz, Rivas, & Jociles, 2016). These are often well-educated women who become parents late in their fertility span. Most of them, but not all, identify as heterosexual, and many report that they would have preferred to share parenthood with a partner. Becoming a solo mother is an active choice, but often not their most preferred option (Graham, 2012; Zadeh, Freeman & Golombok, 2013). For some women, the decision to have a child on their own was preceded by a process of grieving about not finding a partner to start a family with. However, because the social stigma of being an unmarried mother has lessened, more women are deciding to have children on their own and making that choice at a younger age (Hertz et al., 2016). Most often, a network of kin or friends are closely involved in the everyday life of the single-mother family, allowing the single parent with full child-caring and bread-winning responsibility to make ends meet.
Single mothers by choice share some common features with other single mothers, but differ from this group in other respects (Brewaeys, 2010; Golombok & Badger, 2010; Graham, 2012). They raise their children on their own, just like other single mothers do. While ?single mothers by circumstance? often have gone through a separation from the other parent, single mothers by choice have not. Generally speaking, single mothers by choice have a financially stable situation and are well educated, while other single women more often are financially vulnerable and low educated. Single mothers by choice also share some common ground with lesbian parenting couples, but differ from this group in some respects. Like most lesbian women, they have utilized a fertility clinic to become pregnant, and they raise their children without a father. However, the situation of single mothers by choice and that of lesbian couples are different, not least concerning making ends meet in the everyday life. Lesbian mothers may also experience homophobia, while single mothers seldom do. All in all, single mothers by choice constitute a unique group of parents, which means their children live under unique childhood conditions.
Some studies have focused on the development and psychological outcome of children raised by single mothers by choice (for an overview, see Brewaeys, 2010). Such studies generally report only small differences between children raised by these mothers as compared to children of heterosexual couples. Thus, children of single mothers by choice follow a typical developmental trajectory, as they generally do well and benefit from a stable upbringing.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08038740.2018.1554602
A study comparing the well-being of children growing up in single-mother-by-choice and heterosexual two-parent families has found no differences in terms of parent-child relationship or child development. However, the study did find that the single-mothers-by-choice did have a greater social support network.
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170705095332.htm
Barn som växer upp med ensamstående mammor utvecklas lika väl som de som uppfostrats av två föräldrar. Det visar färsk forskning som har haft fokus på familjer där mamman skaffat barn utan partner - med hjälp av assisterad befruktning.
svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2016/07/05/frivilligt-ensamstaende-mamma-lika-bra-barnet-som-tva-foraldrar
Kids don?t necessarily suffer without a father in the picture.
In fact, a 2017 study finds that children in single-mother-by-choice families do just as well as those in nuclear families.
Many women are choosing to go parenthood alone without waiting for the perfect partner. U.S. Census data reports that 23% of kids live in single-mother homes, making it the second most common family arrangement in the country. In the U.K., 4,675 women underwent artificial insemination in 2014, and there were 2,691 IVF cycles using donor sperm.
www.marketwatch.com/amp/story/guid/F863AFEB-2F32-4A09-B07B-0523A9384E2E
Studies have shown that single mothers by choice are generally well-educated women in professional occupations who become mothers in their late 30s or early 40s (Bock, 2000; Graham, 2014; Graham & Braverman, 2012; Jadva, Badger, Morrissette, & Golombok, 2009; Murray & Golombok, 2005a; Weinraub et al., 2002).
There were no differences in parenting quality between family types apart from lower mother?child conflict in solo mother families. Neither were there differences in child adjustment. Perceived financial difficulties, child?s gender, and parenting stress were associated with children?s adjustment problems in both family types. The findings suggest that solo motherhood, in itself, does not result in psychological problems for children.
There is a large body of research on the psychological wellbeing of children in single-mother families formed by divorce. These studies have consistently shown that children whose parents divorce are more likely to show emotional and behavioral problems than are children in intact families (Amato, 2000, 2001, 2005; Coleman & Glenn, 2009; Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan, 1999; Pryor & Rodgers, 2001). However, the children?s difficulties appear to be largely associated with aspects of the divorce, rather than single-parenthood, in itself. One factor that has been found to be related to children?s adjustment problems is conflict between parents (Amato, 2000, 2005; Pryor & Rodgers, 2001). The financial hardship that is often experienced by single-parent families following divorce has also been shown to be associated with children?s psychological problems (Amato, 2000, 2005; Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan, 2002; McLanahan & Sandefur, 1994; Pryor & Rodgers, 2001). Furthermore, a number of studies have demonstrated a link between parental depression, poor parenting quality and negative child outcomes in single-parent families following divorce (Amato, 2000; Dunn et al., 1998; Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan, 2002).
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886836/Anonym (Egoistiskt) skrev 2020-02-16 22:16:50 följande:
Fast om du väljer att skaffa barn med någon som det sedan tar slut med så har du iallafall inte frivilligt valt att beröva barnet en pappa och då får barnet två föräldrar. Majoriteten av alla barn har separerade/skiljda föräldrar men de har iallafall två föräldrar.
Vilket inte alltid är det bästa för barnet. Många barn med separerade föräldrar drabbas av psykisk ohälsa och missbruk.
?Över en tredjedel av de barn som växer upp i Sverige är med om att deras föräldrar separerar innan de fyller 18 år. Denna studie visar att dessa barn både under skolåren och senare i vuxenlivet har en påtagligt högre nivå av psykisk ohälsa och missbruk än andra personer i den svenska befolkningen. Detta innebär att en hög andel av de unga vuxna som drabbas av svår psykisk ohälsa eller fastnar i missbruk har upplevt föräldraseparationer under barndomen. I ett folkhälsoperspektiv är det således angeläget att förbättra situationen för barn när föräldrar separerar.?
www.chess.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.294352.1472542775!/menu/standard/file/Barn%20till%20separerade%20föräldrar%20CHESS%202016.pdf
Divorce usually means children lose daily contact with one parent?most often fathers. Decreased contact affects the parent-child bond and according to a paper published in 2014, researchers have found many children feel less close to their fathers after divorce.
Children from divorced families may experience more externalizing problems, such as conduct disorders, delinquency, and impulsive behavior than kids from two-parent families.7? In addition to increased behavior problems, children may also experience more conflict with peers after a divorce.
Children from divorced families don?t always perform as well academically. However, a study published in 2019 suggested kids from divorced families tended to have trouble with school if the divorce was unexpected, whereas children from families where divorce was likely didn't have the same outcome.
Adolescents with divorced parents are more likely to engage in risky behavior, such as substance use and early sexual activity. In the United States, adolescents with divorced parents drink alcohol earlier and report higher alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, and drug use than their peers.
Adolescents whose parents divorced when they were 5 years old or younger were at particularly high risk for becoming sexually active prior to the age of 16, according to a study published in 2010.9? Separation from fathers has also been associated with higher numbers of sexual partners during adolescence.
Adults who experienced divorce during childhood may have more relationship difficulties. Divorce rates are higher for people whose parents were divorced.
www.verywellfamily.com/psychological-effects-of-divorce-on-kids-4140170
